Fast fashion is characterised by rapid production cycles that churn out new styles quickly and cheaply. To achieve this, manufacturers often rely on a variety of harmful chemicals at all stages: from making the fibres to dying or finishing the garments, which will remain harmful during their use phase as well as when it comes to dealing with them as waste.
The production of the raw materials used in fast fashion involves toxic chemicals. Cotton farming, for instance, heavily relies on pesticides, many of which are known to be harmful to humans and wildlife. These pesticides can contaminate soil and water sources, leading to broader environmental damage. Similarly, polyester production is dependent on petroleum, as we know a non-renewable resource that contributes to pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
Synthetic dyes, for example, are used to give clothes their vibrant colours. However, these dyes frequently contain heavy metals such as lead and cadmium, as well as other toxic substances. These chemicals not only pose risks during the manufacturing process but can also linger as residues on the final products, posing a risk to our health, and the environment.
Another common practice in fast fashion is the application of finishes that enhance the appearance and functionality of fabrics. Formaldehyde, a known carcinogen, is often used to make clothes wrinkle-resistant. Other harmful substances, such as nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEs), can be found in water-resistant finishes. These chemicals can remain on the fabric long after purchase, potentially causing skin irritation and other health issues.
Once these garments are discarded, the environmental impact continues. As fast fashion clothing sit in landfills, they break down, releasing the toxic chemicals used in their production into the surrounding environment. These substances can leach into the soil and waterways, contaminating natural resources and posing risks to wildlife and human populations. Furthermore, the breakdown process can release microplastics and other pollutants into the air, contributing to air pollution and respiratory issues.
One particularly concerning aspect of fast fashion is the persistence of some chemicals. Certain dyes, for example, are designed to be long-lasting, especially those used in polyester and other synthetic fabrics. PFASi (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances), used in water-resistant clothing, are notoriously persistent in the environment and have been linked to a range of health problems, including cancer, endocrine disruption, and liver damage.
Recent studies, such as those conducted by Duke Universityii, have highlighted the presence of these harmful chemicals in our homes. When we bring fast fashion items made of polyester and other synthetic materials into our living spaces, the toxic dyes can become part of the dust that accumulates. This dust can be inhaled or ingested, posing a continuous risk to our health. Long-term exposure to these chemicals, even in small amounts, can have detrimental effects on our health.
We can take steps to mitigate these risks by being more conscious of the materials and production processes behind their clothing choices. Opting for garments made from natural fibres like organic cotton or linen, which are grown without harmful pesticides, can reduce exposure to toxic chemicals. Additionally, choosing clothes that are free from synthetic dyes and finishes will minimize health risks for yourself but mostly for fashion workers as well, who are the most exposed to chemicals in the industry and facing serious health and environmental issues from this systematic use of chemicals.
Being aware of the hazardous chemicals used in fast fashion allows is another way to slow down when purchasing clothes and looking at what type of chemicals would this garment expose you to. That thought only could guide your choice towards a more sustainable option. By prioritising quality over quantity, we can reduce the demand for fast fashion and its associated chemical footprint. Supporting brands that commit to safe and sustainable practices can also drive industry-wide change, ultimately leading to a safer and healthier environment for everyone.
While fast fashion offers affordable and trendy clothing options, the hidden cost in terms of chemical exposure and environmental impact is significant. By making informed choices and advocating for safer production practices, we can protect our health and the planet from the toxic legacy of fast fashion.
